▲Textbook of this course
Helen of Troy
Roman symbol
The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire. From the 14th century on, Roman numerals began to be replaced in most contexts by the more convenient Hindu-Arabic numerals; however, this process was gradual, and the use of Roman numerals persists in some minor applications to this day.
Oral tradition bard
is a form of human communication wherein knowledge, art, ideas and
cultural material is received, preserved and transmitted orally from one
generation to another. The transmission is through speech or
song and may include folktales, ballads, chants, prose or verses. In this way,
it is possible for a society to transmit oral history, oral
literature, oral law and other knowledge across generations without a writing
system, or in parallel to a writing system. Indian religions such as Buddhism,
Hinduism and Jainism, for example, have used an oral tradition, in parallel to
a writing system, to transmit their canonical scriptures, secular knowledge
such as Sushruta Samhita, hymns and mythologies from one generation to the
next.
Oral tradition is information, memories and knowledge held in common by a group of people,
over many generations, and it is not same as testimony or oral history. In a general sense, "oral tradition" refers to
the recall and transmission of a specific, preserved textual and cultural knowledge
through vocal utterance. As an academic discipline, it refers both to
a set of objects of study and a method by which they are studied.
Narrative
Narrative or story telling developed from ritualistic chanting of myths, and has traditionally been grouped into two poetic categories, epic and ballad. The stories were not memorized as is generally assumed but instead bards improvised oral chants, relying on heavy alliterative and assonantal techniques, which seemed to put both the bard and the audience into a trance
Lyric
Lyric is a loosely defined term for a broad category of non-narrative, non-dramatic poetry, which was originally sung or recited with a musical instrument, called a lyre [see voice, sound]. Generally, lyric poets rely on personal experience, close relationships, and description of feelings as their material. The central content of lyric poems is not the story or the interaction between characters; instead it is about the poet's feelings and personal views [see expression]. Examples from this group include Greek odes, Egyptian elegies, Hebrew psalms, English and Italian sonnets, and even the Japanese haiku.
Narrative or story telling developed from ritualistic chanting of myths, and has traditionally been grouped into two poetic categories, epic and ballad. The stories were not memorized as is generally assumed but instead bards improvised oral chants, relying on heavy alliterative and assonantal techniques, which seemed to put both the bard and the audience into a trance
Lyric
Lyric is a loosely defined term for a broad category of non-narrative, non-dramatic poetry, which was originally sung or recited with a musical instrument, called a lyre [see voice, sound]. Generally, lyric poets rely on personal experience, close relationships, and description of feelings as their material. The central content of lyric poems is not the story or the interaction between characters; instead it is about the poet's feelings and personal views [see expression]. Examples from this group include Greek odes, Egyptian elegies, Hebrew psalms, English and Italian sonnets, and even the Japanese haiku.
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